Vampires and the Antichrist: Synonymous or Coincidence?
by Apryle Gayle Thompson PID: 7015-27323May 5, 1999Religion 123, final paper
chenkan翻译（chenkan_ckn@126.com）
Vampires and the Antichrist: Synonymous or Coincidence?
吸血鬼和反基督者：他们是同一回事吗，抑或仅仅是巧合？
"You've never heard the tales? Why do you think they call him the Prince of Hell? There is a rumor about fiendish, diabolical rites at his Castle of Agrish, that he performed the Black Mass there with naked virgins spread-eagled on the infernal altar. Oh God, can you imagine what he did to them?" She was mouth to ear with her listener, enclosing them both with her fan. "But here is the question all Buda is asking. Is he truly the devil's chief disciple, His Satanic Majesty's chosen one for supreme power on earth? Or is he—Satan himself?"
—An excerpt from the novel Prince Dracula (Myles 171)
"你从未听说过这些故事吗？人们称他为地狱的王子，你怎么看？有传言说，他在他那恶魔般的Agrish城堡里，举行着将裸体处女放到恶魔的祭台上的黑暗集会。哦，天哪，你能想象的出来他对她们做了什么吗？"她用扇子遮住嘴，对她身旁的人耳语着。"但所有的 Buda（？）都有一个问题，他的确是恶魔的主要信徒，那个被他邪恶的主子挑选出来，拥有最可怕的能力的人吗？抑或他自己就是撒旦本人？"
——节录自小说《德拉古拉王子》（Myles 171）
There is something stirring in the equivocation of the vampire and the Antichrist. They are two forces, alike by origin and yet seemingly polar in nature. The vampire in its carnal, bestial image deeply contrasts the more civilized deception presented by the Antichrist. And yet, there are bridges between the gaps. In fact, it seems as though they were two halves cut from the same primordial cloth, separated only in nature. Is it merely coincidence that the vampire and the Antichrist share birthrights, powers, and characteristics? What of the similarity in words associated with each within our vocabulary? Perhaps there is something true to Jung's theory in repressed memories and the collective unconscious. Perhaps we have chosen to transfer the most terrifying part of the Antichrist to another being, one that by its very nature embodies this terror. After all, "'Who is like the beast'" but the vampire (Revelation 13:4)?
在这里吸血鬼和反基督者的边界很模糊。他们是两种力量，但他们似乎有着相似的起源和貌似相反的本性。吸血鬼淫荡而残忍的形象与反基督者彬彬有礼而诡计多端的形象形成了鲜明的对比。然而，他们有共通之处。事实上，他们就好像是从一块完整的桌布上切下来的两半，唯一不同的不过是他们的本质。吸血鬼和反基督者拥有相同的特权，能力和个性，这仅仅是巧合吗？那么又如何解释那些与他们相关的词汇有如此高的相似性？也许容格所说的潜意识（？）和集体无理性可以带来某些解释。也许我们用其他的，最为让人恐惧的事物来加强对反基督者的恐惧。毕竟，除了吸血鬼，"谁能比这兽"呢？（启示录 13：4）
The most logical place to start our comparison seems to beat the conception and birth of our two demonic beings. Both the vampire and the Antichrist are described as being the spawn of Satan and a virgin, obviously mirroring the conception of Christ. Unlike Christ, however, both the birth of the vampire and the birth of the Antichrist are only simulations of an immaculate conception wherein the virgin is deceived (Bousset140-141). In Sefer Zerubbabel, we learn that the Antichrist, Armilos, is to be born from a beautiful statue of the Virgin Mary with which Satan has laid (68, 75). Tying in with the Antichrist's birth from a statue is Bram Stoker's portrayal of Dracula being born into the brotherhood of vampires by his stabbing a statue of a crucifix with his sword and then drinking the blood that issues from it ("Bram Stoker's Dracula").
从这两种恶魔的出生和由来开始比较他们，看起来是最有逻辑的办法。吸血鬼和反基督者都被描绘成是在恶魔和处女交合后所产的卵中孕育的。显然，这是在影射基督的出生。不过，和基督的出生不同的是，吸血鬼和反基督者的出生都只是在对圣灵感孕说的一种模拟（Bousset140-141）。在Sefer Zerubbabel这本书里，我们知道那位反基督者，Armilos，是由一位美丽的处女玛丽所产，而玛丽被恶魔撒旦玷污过（68，75）。与之相联系的是斯托克的德拉古拉，他用剑刺穿了一个十字架，并饮下从中流出的血。从此他开始了与吸血鬼的手足之谊。（斯托克的吸血鬼）
Another explanation for the Antichrist's birth is that it will be the fruitful production of a human being by a woman and the Demon Satan (R. E. L. Masters 214). It is also said that the famous magician Merlin was supposed to have been born the Antichrist after the Devil raped his virgin mother, but because he was baptized at his birth, the plan was ruined (R. E. L. Masters 44-45). As in the case of Merlin, the Devil often assumes a human form and seduces the women without their knowing of his true nature (R. E. L. Masters 45). Likewise, the vampire has been known to assume various identities in order to lure women to its lair.
对反基督者的出生的另外一个解释是，他们是由人类妇女和撒旦繁殖出来的(R. E. L. Masters 214)。也有传言说中世纪著名的魔法师梅林因处女母亲被撒旦强暴的缘故，本来应当是一个反基督者。然而由于他在出生时接受了洗礼，恶魔的计划失败了(R. E. L. Masters 44-45)。正如在梅林的例子里那样，恶魔经常呈现出男子的形状，并以此勾引那些不知道他们本性的妇女(R. E. L. Masters 45)。相似的，吸血鬼也有许多分身，他们利用这些分身来把妇女引诱到自己的老窝里去。
An additional story of the origin of vampires, or "flesh eating devils," is that the virgin was Adam and his demon counterpart was Lilitu, the Babylonian snake-goddess (Frost 6).However, even this conception was enveloped in deception in that"...the she-monster Lilith was conceived out of Adam's voluptuous imaginings, coming to him in his dreams as a succubus" (Frost6). The succubus is a mythological Hebrew term referring to a"...band of fallen angels who had degenerated into lecherous night demons" and who deceptively seduced men in their dreams draining them of their sex drive and sperm count (Frost 6).
还有一个吸血鬼的原型——"食人魔鬼"的故事。亚当是处男，而他的恶魔伴侣，Lilitu，则是巴比伦的蛇女神（Frost 6）。不过，即使如此，他的起源还是由如下的诡计包裹着："......女妖怪Lilitu变成一个女妖（succubus）进入亚当的梦中，并在奢侈淫逸的场景下受孕"（Frost 6）。"女妖"（succubus）是一个希伯莱神话的术语，指的是"一帮退化成淫荡的的夜魔的堕天使"，女妖在男子的梦中引诱他们，榨干他们的精力和性能力。
Since the vampire and the Antichrist are both sired by Satan, it seems only logical that they inherit a certain degree of his power. In the Left Behind series by Tim La Haye and Jerry B. Jenkins, the Antichrist figure, Nicolas Carpathia, assumes the power of mind control and uses it to seduce others into doing his bidding and trusting him. Likewise, the vampire has been attributed this device of control for centuries, as is described in the movie, as well as the novel, "Bram Stoker's Dracula" when he compels Jonathan Harker to cut himself while shaving and seduces Lucy Westenra during a sleepwalking episode.
因为吸血鬼和反基督者的祖先都是撒旦，所以他们都在一定程度上继承了撒旦的能力也是合情合理的。在Tim La Haye和Jerry B. Jenkins所写的Left Behind系列小说里，那位反基督者，Nicolas Carpathia，拥有控制别人心智的能力，并以此来诱使其他人信任他，听从他的命令。相似的，吸血鬼在数以百计的年代里，也有这样的能力。正如电影及其同名小说"斯托克的德拉古拉"里所描绘的那样，德拉古拉迫使乔纳森·哈克在刮胡子的时候割破自己皮，并在露西·维斯特纳梦游的时候勾引她。
The power of transformation also runs strong in the family of Satan. The Apocalypse of Ezra says of the Antichrist, "And he becomes a child and an old man, and no one believeth in him that he is my beloved son" (Bousset 151). The Apocalypse of Zephaniah and The Apocalypse of Elijah also speak of this power of transformation held by the Antichrist (Bousset 151 and Wintermute 746). As for the vampire, their power of transformation comes from their synonymy with strigoi, demonbirds that can transform themselves into any animal (Klaniczay147-148). In fact, the word strigoi is Romanian for vampire, and it shows up in Isaiah 34:14 where the downfall of Babylon is predicted (Florescu, In Search 145 and Wright 138). The vampire has also been attributed the ability to transform itself from young to old, as can the Antichrist, by its association with the snake and regeneration through the shedding of skin (Barber 161162 and Du Boulay 93). Another characteristic power of both the vampire and the Antichrist is their ability to command animals like the mosquito that, coincidentally, has been noted to carry pestilence and disease due to its unsightly habit of bloodsucking (Summers 198).
在撒旦的子嗣中，变身也是一个很突出的能力。在Apocalypse of Ezra中的反基督者"他一会儿变成一个小孩，一会儿变成一个老人，没人相信他就是我心爱的儿子" (Bousset 151)。Apocalypse of Zephaniah 和 Apocalypse of Elijah里也讲述了反基督者所拥有的强大的变身能力(Bousset 151 and Wintermute 746)。说到吸血鬼，他们变身的能力来自于他们和strigoi（吸血蝙蝠？）的同质性。Strigoi是一种能将自己变成任意动物的恶魔鸟(Klaniczay147-148)。事实上，"strigoi"在罗马尼亚语里的意思就是吸血鬼，并且在以赛亚书34：14里讲到巴比伦的堕落时，也有所暗示(Florescu, In Search 145 and Wright 138)。吸血鬼和反基督者一样，也有能将自己变得年轻和年老的能力，这种能力与蛇所拥有的蜕皮的能力相关(Barber 161162 and Du Boulay 93)。另外，吸血鬼和反基督者还共同拥有另外的一种能力，那就是能够命令蚊子这样通过吸血来传播瘟疫和疾病的动物(Summers 198)。
One of the more questionable powers, supposedly assumed by these two demonic beings, is the gift of a somewhat limited immortality. I call it a limited immortality due to the fact that Christ eventually overcomes the Antichrist and vampires are vulnerable to some methods of death. The Antichrist, when described in Revelation 13 as the beast from the sea, is also described as having "...been mortally wounded, and his deadly wound was healed." The vampire likewise is a re-energized dead body (A. Masters 179). However, to spend eternity walking the earth doesn't seem to be a chosen activity for the vampire. Eternal sleep seems to be a reward for those who worship Christ,"...the first-fruits of them that sleep" (Summers 6-7). The Antichrist, as an opposition to Christ, thus seems doomed to never attain this peaceful slumber. Why then do some vampires choose such an unfulfilling life? Frost says that, like the Antichrist,
吸血鬼和反基督者共同拥有的另外一个更值得疑问的能力，就是他们都有着"有限的"不死之身。我称之为"有限的"不死之身，是因为实际上基督最后终于打败了反基督者，并且吸血鬼在某些情况下，是极脆弱和易死亡的。在启示录第13章里描绘的反基督者是从海上来的怪兽，它们被描绘为"......受到了死伤。那死伤却医好了。"相似的，吸血鬼是一种被重新注入能量的死尸(A. Masters 179)。不过，吸血鬼的永生并不是让他们用来在地上闲逛的。永恒的睡眠似乎是给尊敬基督者的一种奖赏，"......最初的能使人睡眠的果实" (Summers 6-7)。反基督者，作为基督的敌人，因此命中注定永远得不到安息。那么为什么吸血鬼还是要选择这样的没有尽头的生命呢？Frost说，他们有着和反基督者一样的理由：
...'true' vampires are, above all, people in revolt against the inevitable principle of corporeal death. Having led extremely evil lives they know only too well the dreadful fate awaiting them in the afterlife, and are prepared to go to any lengths to sustain a semblance of life in their bodies in order to remain earthbound. (8)
......最重要的是，"真正的"吸血鬼们是那种极端厌恶不可避免的肉体死亡的人们。他们非常了解在他们极端邪恶的生命之后会有多么可怕的命运等待着他们，他们也宁愿付出任意代价，只要能够披着生命的伪装，继续留在人间。（8）
The question still remains, how do they die and yet live? Philip Rohr, a prominent scholar of the occult, framed the same question, and though he was not willing to attribute this power of life to the Devil, he did recognize the possibility of their resurrection through "...Divine permission, with the help of some devilish agency" (A. Masters 179-180). The Antichrist uses his supposed resurrection as evidence of his immortality, and by being the antithesis of Christ himself, promises to share this life with those who choose to follow him. The vampire claims immortality through blood, and can share it with others through the same method by which he takes life away. After all, for the vampire, "...the blood is the life..." (Deuteronomy 12:23).
问题还是没有解决，他们是如何在死后依然活着的？Philip Rohr，一个对神秘之事有卓越研究的学者，提出了同样的问题。虽然他并没有把它归功于恶魔的力量，但是他认识到吸血鬼们的复生是通过"......神圣的许诺，伴随着某些恶魔中介的帮助" (A. Masters 179-180)。反基督者利用他的伪复活作为自己永生的证据，并作为基督的敌人，他许诺给他的追随者们一部分这样的能力。吸血鬼则通过血来获取永生，并用同样的方法，和被他取走生命的人们，一起分享这种能力。毕竟，对于吸血鬼来说，"......血是生命......"（申命记 12：23）
On the topic of blood, the most widely agreed upon characteristic of all vampires seems to be their dependence upon it as their main source of sustenance. Though this trait is not as prevalent in depictions of the Antichrist, it does nonetheless surface. The Apocalypse of Elijah, for example, speaks of the Antichrist's pursuance of the virgin Tabitha saying, "...He will pursue her up to the regions of the sun set. He will suck her blood in the evening. And he will cast her upon the temple, and she will become a healing for the people. She will rise up at dawn..." (Wintermute 747). Likewise, a 1643 Thanksgiving sermon before the House of Commons repeatedly referred to the Antichrist beast, along with the Whore of Babylon, as having drunk the blood of the saints and prophets (Marshall 12, 20-27). This is further evidenced in Revelation 18:24 on the subject of the Babylonian Whore: "And in her was found the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth." Moreover, the drinking of blood can also be seen as a perversion of the Christian communion:
在血的问题上，有一种最广泛的说法是吸血鬼们依靠血来作为他们最主要的食物以获取生存。不过在反基督者中，这种特性并不那么普遍，虽然表面上他们也吸血。例如，在小说《Apocalypse of Elijah》里，讲到反基督者对处女 Tabitha的追求时，写到，（译注，此段原文偶看不太懂......）"......他将追求她直到太阳落山，他将在傍晚吸食她的血液。他将会把她置于寺庙之顶。而她将具有疗治众人的能力。她会在拂晓时升起......" (Wintermute 747)。相似的，1643年感恩节在国会下议院前的一次布道上，反基督的野兽和巴比伦的淫妇一次又一次的被相提并论，因为他们饮过圣人们和先知们的血(Marshall 12, 20-27)。这进一步证明了启示录18：24里对巴比伦的淫妇的叙述："先知和圣徒，并地上一切被杀之人的血，都在这城里看见了。"此外，饮血也可以看出是作为对基督教团体的颠覆：
...the bloodsucking—not only can one account for it in terms of the history of sacrificial blood (see Agazzi 1977: 11-31) but one could also see it as a reversal of its Christianized version, the holy communion, which was depicted by late-medieval and early-modern mystics as a highly tangible bodily and material absorption of Christ's flesh and (more significantly) blood (Bynum 1982: 152;1987: 176). (Klaniczay 181)
......吸血——不仅仅象征了历史上的牺牲的血(see Agazzi 1977: 11-31)，也象征了对神圣联盟的基督教版本的反动。神圣联盟被神秘主义者描绘为在中世纪晚期和现代早期，切实地吸收了基督的肉体和（更多的）血液的实体(Bynum 1982: 152;1987: 176)。(Klaniczay 181)
Another common trait of both vampires and the Antichrist is their banishment to the ground or earth. In a commentary on Revelation, one author explains chapter 11, verse 7 as "'the Antichrist coming out of the dark and deep recesses of the ground, to which the devil had been condemned'" (Bousset 152，153). Furthermore, the nickname ‘son of perdition' probably refers to his being from hell or a lower world of sorts (Bousset152). Vampires are likewise bound to the earth in that they must always return to it during the day in order to renew their strength and avoid the dangerous sunlight (Florescu, In Search153). In fact, the origin of the tombstone comes from the old practice of piling heavy stones on a new grave to prevent the corpse from rising and becoming a vampire (Wright 13). This use of stones to seal a tomb is reminiscent of Christ's own burial, though it could not contain Him.
吸血鬼和反基督者另外一个相同的显著特点是他们都是被放逐到地面的。在启示录的一条注解中，一个作者诠释第11章，第7篇为"‘反基督者从黑且深的地缝中走出，到那被魔鬼诅咒之地去'" (Bousset 152，153)。此外，他的"毁灭之子"的别号，也大概指的是他来自于地狱，或某个类似的地下世界(Bousset152)。类似的，吸血鬼在上升到地面之后，也不得不回到那个世界去补充力量，并躲避危险的阳光(Florescu, In Search153)。事实上，在最开始，墓碑的作用就在于给新的坟墓压上重的石头，以阻止尸体从墓中爬出，成为吸血鬼(Wright 13)。用这种用石头封印坟墓的方法来自于基督自己的葬礼，虽然这无法限制住基督自己。
Perhaps due to their demonic nature, both the vampire and the Antichrist are born of and rule in darkness. Satan himself has often been described as having fallen into darkness after his fallout with God:
也许因为吸血鬼和反基督者的恶魔本性，他们都生于黑暗，统治于黑暗。撒旦自己也经常被描述为被上帝击败后堕入黑暗的：
The fall of the Damned One began again. —Terrible, Dark, and pierced with bright holes, like a sieve, The sky, filled with suns, receded; clarity Trembled as, through the night the outcast fell Naked, sinister, weighed down by his crime, Fell, and his head, like a wedge, pried open the abyss. Lower. Lower. Always lower....
—Very well, cried Satan. Let it be so! I can still see! He will have the blue sky, I will have the black.
And the sun was already no more than a star.
—Victor Hugo
"La Fin de Satan" (Wolf 40)
这个被诅咒者的堕落又开始了。——恐怖，黑暗，被刺穿出无数的明亮的孔，就像那筛子，天空倒退着，被太阳充满；空气战栗着，邪恶的被驱逐者因他所犯下的罪，无所依凭地从夜空中坠落，他的脑袋，倒栽入无底的深渊。堕落，堕落，永远堕落......
——很好，哭泣的撒旦。就这么着好了。我依然能看见！他拥有蓝天，而我还拥有暗夜。
从此太阳不再仅仅是一颗星。
——维克多·雨果
《撒旦的末日》（Wolf 40）（译注，瞎翻的，活活）
The Pseudo-Johannine Apocalypse 6 reminds us of the Antichrist's relationship to this banishment saying he is "'...born of darkness...'" (Bousset 137-138). The Bible also refers to a being of the night that disappears or sleeps during light hours:
You shall not be afraid of the terror by night,
Nor of the arrow that flies by day,
Nor of the pestilence that walks in darkness,
Nor of the destruction that lays waste at noonday.
—Psalm 91:5-6
Pseudo-Johannine Apocalypse 6提醒我们反基督者和naci驱逐之间的关系，说他"‘出生于黑暗'" (Bousset 137-138)。圣经也提到有一种在有光明的时候消失或休眠的夜的存在：
你必不怕黑夜的惊骇，
或是白日飞的箭。
也不怕黑夜行的瘟疫，
或是午间灭人的毒病。
——诗篇 91：5-6
The devil resides in hell and reigns there during the day, but"...when day is done, the night is his empire" (Florescu, In Search 153). Webster's International Dictionary describes a vampire as a "re-animated body of a dead person" that goes around at night and sucks the blood of people sleeping (Wright 1).
恶魔居住在地狱，并在白天时统治着它，但是"......当白昼尽时，夜晚就是他的帝国" (Florescu, In Search 153)。韦氏国际辞典形容吸血鬼为"死人的第二次生命"，他们在夜晚活动，并吸食睡眠者的血液(Wright 1)。
In addition to the shared powers and traits of the Antichrist and vampire, there are also a number of similarities in terminology. As mentioned before in reference to the Left Behind series, the Antichrist figure is named Nicolae Carpathia. Carpathia also happens to be the name attributed to the mountainous region of Transylvania from which came the notorious Count Dracula and the blood countess Elizabeth Bathory (Wolf 42and Florescu, In Search 156). If I were to assign one word to best describe the goal of each the vampire and the Antichrist it would be for blood and power respectively. In Hebrew, the words for blood and money are the same in their plural forms, Damîm (Strack 280). Assuming that money is in fact power, a relationship between these two goals is made in which the gaining of money is equivalent to the thirst for blood (Strack280). Another coincidental synonymy of terms comes from the nickname given to the notorious Count Vlad Tepes, Prince of Wallachia, a.k.a. Dracula. In Romania, ‘Dracul' means both ‘devil' and ‘dragon' (Florescu, In Search 22). Furthermore, ‘Dracula' means ‘son of the dragon' or ‘son of the devil' (Florescu, In Search 22).
此外，在反基督者和吸血鬼共有的能力和特性之中，在术语学上也有大量相同之处。在之前提到的Left Behind系列中，反基督者的名字叫Nicolae Carpathia。Carpathia也恰好是Transylvania山区的名字。Transylvania因为德拉古拉伯爵和血腥伯爵夫人Elizabeth Bathory的缘故变得臭名昭著(Wolf 42and Florescu, In Search 156)。如果要我用一个词分别形容吸血鬼和反基督者的目的，那么将是"血"和"权力"。在希伯莱文里，血和钱的复数形式是相同的，Damîm (Strack 280)。如果说钱就是权力，那么，血和权力就能紧密的联系起来，对钱的攫取等同于对血的渴望(Strack280)。另外一个同义词的巧合来自于Wallachia的王子，臭名昭著的Vlad Tepes伯爵的别名，Dracula。在罗马尼亚语中，‘dracul'既有"恶魔"又有"龙"的意思(Florescu, In Search 22)。并且，"Dracula"有"龙的儿子"和"恶魔的儿子"的含义(Florescu, In Search 22)。
Following up on the dragon/vampire relationship, there appears a string of symbols, mostly animals, recurrent in both the vampire and Antichrist mythologies. Vlad II, Count Dracula's father, was inducted into the Order of the Dragon, "...a semi-monastic, semi-military organization dedicated to fighting the Turkish infidels" in 1431 by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund (Florescu, In Search 22). The dragon motif was also common to the Bathory family whose crest showed a dragon encircling wolf teeth and biting its tail (Florescu, In Search159). Ancient Romanian legends spoke of the vampire as "...a supernatural being of demonic origin, fighting Fat-Frumos, the fairy prince who embodies moral power..." and typified him "...as a dragon monster-serpent, the motif used on the ancient standards of the Dacians" (Florescu, In Search 28). Even before the Dacians, the Romanians worshipped a dragon-like god that was a partly human, partly dragon, winged serpent known as the "Fantastic Serpent" (Florescu, Dracula 169). Furthermore, the vampire has been depicted as a dragon-like beast in such artworks the 1784 piece "A Chilean vampire at work" which ran in the Courier de l' Europe (Frayling, Illustration 1).
继续探究龙与吸血鬼的关系，有一连串的象征物，主要是动物，在吸血鬼和反基督者的神话传说里不断出现。Vlad二世，德拉古拉伯爵的父亲，感应到了龙的命令，在1431年神圣罗马帝国皇帝Sigismund 的感召下"......一个半修道，半军事的组织献身于对土耳其异教徒的战斗" (Florescu, In Search 22)。龙的形象在Bathory家族中也很常见。他们的纹章就是一条包围着狼牙，咬自己尾巴的龙(Florescu, In Search159)。古代罗马尼亚传说里讲到吸血鬼，"......是一种超自然的生命，他们与神话中具有正义力量的Fat-Frumos王子战斗......"其本质为"......一种似龙的怪兽——蛇，它的图象被用于古代大夏人的战旗上" (Florescu, In Search 28)。甚至在大夏人之前，罗马尼亚人就在膜拜一种似龙的神，他是一种半人半龙，有翼的蛇，称之为"异蛇"(Florescu, Dracula 169)。另外，在1784年的艺术品"欧洲快递"(-_-b)的碎片"工作中的智利吸血鬼"上，吸血鬼被描绘成一种似龙的野兽(Frayling, Illustration 1)。
The Antichrist's relationship to the dragon/serpent motif is obvious from its portrayal as such in the works of Dürer and other apocalyptic artists. Being the son of the dragon/serpent, the Antichrist may also share his physical traits or ability to change into this reptilian form. Bousset finds that the Apocalypse of Daniel refers to the Antichrist as "'...the serpent that sleepeth...'" and Cyril (xv. 15) calls him "the fearful beast, the great dragon, unconquerable by men'" (145-146).
反基督者与龙/蛇关系的画面，从例如丢勒和其他启示录画家的描画中可以看得很明显。作为龙/蛇的儿子，反基督者也有变为这种爬虫外形的能力。Bousset发现Apocalypse of Daniel中提到反基督者为"‘......沉睡的蛇......'"，Cyril(xv. 15)则叫他"令人恐惧的野兽，人类无法征服的巨龙"（145－146）。
There are two birds, the crow and the raven, common to the vampire and the Antichrist. Both birds are carrion eaters, meaning they eat of the dead, and harbingers of death (Barber94-95). Wilhelm Hertz in Der Werwolf has described the vampire as eating his own dead flesh as well as that of other corpses, thus making it a carrion eater as well (Barber 95). The crow has also appeared as one of the many forms taken by the devil as in the movie "The Prophecy." The Antichrist, as the antithesis of Christ who brings life, is the one who brings death much like these birds of death (Barber 95).
有两种鸟，乌鸦和大乌鸦，反基督者和吸血鬼常见。这两种鸟都是食腐肉的，意味着他们都以尸体为食，并预示死亡(Barber94-95)。Wilhelm Hertz在Der Werwolf里写到吸血鬼吃他自己的尸肉就像吃其他的尸体一样，因此他也是一种食尸者(Barber 95)。在电影"预言"中，乌鸦也是恶魔的多种变身之一。反基督者，作为带来生命的基督的敌人，也像这些鸟一样，带来死亡（Barber 95）。
The vampire bat, though most commonly associated with the vampire due to its blood-sucking aspect, has also shared characteristics with the Antichrist. Florescu notes that Satan is often "...portrayed with huge bat-like wings" (In Search 153).He also reminds us that its ability to fly represents a superhuman quality whereas its head is erect and similar in structure to that of man (In Search 153). This mixture of superhuman and human traits seems to be inherent in both the bat and the Antichrist. Also, the vampire bat is so graceful and skilled that it rarely awakens the victim while sucking his blood (Florescu, In Search 154). This again reminds us of the Antichrist whose graceful demeanor is so convincing that mankind doesn't realize his true evil nature.
吸血蝙蝠，虽然由于其吸血的特性，最常与吸血鬼联系起来，它也和反基督者有些相同的特性。Florescu指出撒旦经常"......被描绘为拥有巨大的蝙蝠似的双翼" (In Search 153)。他也提出虽然吸血蝙蝠飞行的能力超出人类，但它们的头是竖立的，并有和人类相似的结构(In Search 153)。这种混合超人类和人类的特性看起来是从蝙蝠和反基督者两方继承的。此外，吸血蝙蝠是如此的优雅和熟练以至于它们吸血时极少惊醒那些牺牲品(Florescu, In Search 154)。这再一次提醒我们，反基督者优雅的风度常常是那样的令人心悦诚服，以至于无法发现他们邪恶的本质。
It is interesting to note that many of the methods employed by people over the years to stop vampire attacks have been very similar to those employed by the Roman soldiers during the crucifixion of Christ. The Natural History of the Vampire reports that stakes made out of aspen or whitethorn, the first of which was used for Christ's cross and the other for his crown of thorns, work almost every time on a vampire (A. Masters 190).The traditional weapon against vampires remains the Christian cross which even to this day can be found on various hilltops in Transylvania (Florescu, Dracula 170). In fact any form of crossing placed upon the recently dead was thought to keep the undead from rising as vampires, be it a crucifix in hand, arms crossed, or being buried at the meeting of four cross roads (Wright 12). The Wallachians used to make a young, virgin boy ride on the back of an all white or all black, "unmutilated horse which had never stumbled" over the graves to find out which ones were inhabited by vampires (Florescu, In Search 148).The idea was that anything that pure would refuse to cross over a grave inhabited by some kind of evil pollutant.
有件事实很有趣，那就是这么多年以来，人类抵御吸血鬼攻击的方式与当年罗马士兵折磨基督的手法有很多相似之处。The Natural History of the Vampire报道说，用白杨木或者山楂木制成的尖头木桩对付吸血鬼几乎永远有效，而最初白杨木和山楂木也用于制作基督的十字架和荆棘冠(A. Masters 190)。对抗吸血鬼的传统武器基督十字架，直到今天依然能在Transylvania山区的许多小山顶上找到(Florescu, Dracula 170)。事实上，将任何十字交叉的东西置于新死的尸体上，都被认为能够阻止他变成吸血鬼。例如手握十字架，双臂十字交叉，或埋葬于十字路口的下方(Wright 12)。瓦拉及亚人习惯于让一个年轻的处男骑在一匹纯白或纯黑的"从未失足过的健马"上，跨过那些坟墓来找出哪个是吸血鬼的居所(Florescu, In Search 148)。这是因为所有纯洁的东西，都会拒绝跨越由于被邪恶的生命居住而污染的坟墓。
Florescu also told of Romanian superstitions where one was directed to kill a vampire the same way St. George killed the dragon, impaled with a wooden lance of sorts (In Search 146).This method of impalement by lance is also evident in both "The Prophecy" and "Bram Stoker's Dracula" where in each movie we see a scene in which hundreds are impaled in the same upright manner. In fact, the only difference between these two scenes is that in the first the impaled victims are quarreling angels whereas in the second they are enemies of the Turks.
Florescu同样说到在罗马尼亚迷信传说中，有人用圣乔治杀死龙的办法杀死了一个吸血鬼，即用木质的长矛刺穿他(In Search 146)。这种用长矛穿刺的方法在电影"预言"和"斯托克的吸血鬼"中得到验证。每部电影中我们都能看到一个场景，数以百计的吸血鬼被用这种方式笔直的刺穿。事实上，这两个场景中唯一的不同，就是第一个场景里牺牲品是吵架天使，而第二个场景里他们是土耳其敌人。
The identity of the Antichrist, a.k.a. Beast from the Sea, a.k.a. Son of Satan, remains one of the most disputed questions raised by the Book of Revelation. Jung would say that this character is represented by symbols within our collective unconscious. We use these symbols to disguise things we don't want to reveal to ourselves. Perhaps the vampire is one such symbol bringing to light ghastly characteristics of the most evil thing to ever walk the earth, the Antichrist. Perhaps we have unconsciously repressed such bestial and horrific attributes only to see them reoccur in what is simply another manifestation of the same evil presented by the Antichrist. Jung also hinted to the presence of an Unholy Trinity opposing the triune manifestations of God. The vampire has also appeared as part of this unholy threesome in fictional literature as in this excerpt from Prince Dracula:
反基督者（又名从海上来的野兽，撒旦之子）的身份，在《启示之书》里，依然是一个极富争议性的问题。容格会说这个角色反映了我们的集体无理性。我们用这些象征来隐藏自己不想给他人看到的东西。也许吸血鬼是被曝露出来的，在人间最邪恶的东西——反基督者——的一个象征。也许我们曾经无意识的压抑自己对这些残忍可怕的事物的印象，反而让我们不停看到的是同一个邪恶生命，反基督者，的不同显现。容格也暗示了邪恶三位一体的存在，它对抗着上帝的三位一体的显现。在以下节录选自的小说《德拉古拉王子》中，吸血鬼也仿佛是邪恶三位一体的一部分：
"You have all seen the power of God. But read what it says in holy writ. Everything in heaven has its counterpart in hell. Read the Book of Revelation. Standing against Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are Satan, Antichrist, and False Prophet, the Unholy Trinity. Against the Light is the Darkness. Against the Way is the Other Path. I am one who has trod the Path. The power of administering death is mine—and of restoring life. Look you then upon the secrets of the ages. Enter the realm of Hades ye who dare and cross the River Styx with the infernal boatman Charon. You who do not believe in the power of hell—behold!" (Myles173)
你们都已见过上帝的力量，但看看圣经里怎么写的吧。天堂上所有的东西都在地狱里有它们的对应物。看看《启示之书》吧。圣父，圣子和圣灵的对面是撒旦，反基督者、伪预言家和邪恶三位一体。光明的对面是黑暗。The Way的对面是Other Path。我就是履行The Path的人。我有掌控死亡的能力，当然也能恢复生命。注视着生命的奥秘吧！汝等胆大之人进入冥王的领地，随着地府摆渡人Charon一起穿过冥河吧！那些不信这地狱之力的人们，你们看！" (Myles173)
The similarities are too obvious to ignore. We tried to forget something long ago, something our minds decided was too terrifying to realize. The present conception of the Antichrist would pale in comparison to the evil and bestiality it once was known to possess. It is the same evil and bestiality we have transferred onto the somewhat safer, fictionalized character of the vampire. How else can we explain these bizarre similarities? Coincidence? Or Synonymous? The answer is there if we search deep enough or if we would only allow the truth to finally surface.
最后一段不想翻了，自己看吧。我觉得基本上，这个作者自己的话都是nonsense，但是他引用的那些资料都很吸引人。
Works Cited
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